Alternating current electric circuit breaker of the gas blast type



Nov. 17, 1942.

D. F. AMER ALTERNATING CURRENT ELECTRIC CIRCUIT BREAKER OF THE GAS BLAST- TYPE-"- 5 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed April 15, 1941 4 J C 1 J14AA44444A/ i W a 4/ a mm tmwwww/ll/ 0 mg MWWR\ F moon. ww wm m NW C c w, 11 J K G s 3 N L T w CT E11: .i I 11 Ii Ii 1 M M BGGDDF F E E 4 INVENTOR M afm BY )h Mvm ATTORNEYS D. F. AMER Nov. 17, 1942.

ALTERNATING CURRENT ELECTRIC CIRCUIT BREAKER OF THE GAS BLAST TYPE Filed April 15, 1941 5 Sheets-Sheet 2 F g. 1A.

B ifgj ATTORNEYJ' D. F.' AMER Nov. 17, 1942.

ALTERNATING CURRENT ELECTRIC CIRCUIT BREAKER OF THE GAS BLAST TYPE Filed April 15, 1941 5 Sheets-Sheet 5 INVENT'OR ATTORNEYS Nov. 17, 1942. D, F, AMER 2,302,592

ALTERNATINGCURRENT ELECTRIC CIRCUIT BREAKER OF THE GAS BLAST TYPE Filed April 15, 1941 5 Sheets-Sheet 4 A, Fig.5. A B fi7 7 l B v 1 v P 5 Fig. 6. A

, M DI \p P1 I a 7 E INVENTOR 0'P I Mxw ATTORNEYJ' Nov. 17, 1942. D. F. AMER 2,302,592 ALTERNATING CURRENT ELECTRIC CIRCUIT BREAKER OF THE GAS BLAST TYPE 'Filed April 15, 1941 A 5 Sheets-Sheet 5 IEUUiW I UUUU INVENTOR )AZZHI M Mm ATTORNEYS Patented Nov. 17, 1942 ALTERNATING CURRENT ELECTRIC CIR- CUIT BREAKER OF THE GAS BLAST TYPE Donald Foster Amer, Ncwcastlc-on-Tyne, England, assignor to A. Reyrclle & Company Limited, Hebburn-on-Tyne, England, a company of Great Britain Application April 15, 1941, Serial No. 388,700 In Great Britain April 15, 1940 25 Claims.

This invention relates to A. C. electric circuitbreakers of the gas-blast type, that is to circuitbreakers having arc-control devices of the kind in which a blast of deionising gas is used. to assist in extinguishing the are formed between the circuit-breaker arcing contacts when the circuitbreaker is opened. Such circuit-breakers may be of the lateral blast type, wherein the blast flows across and more or less perpendicular to the direct path between the circuit-breaker contacts and is discharged through a nozzle or vent on one side of such direct path, or of the axial blast type, wherein the blast flows along and more or less parallel to the direct path between the arcing contacts.

.The present invention has for its primary object to provide an improved circuit-breaker of the gas-blast type which will operate more efiiciently than hitherto, both in respect of more satisfactory extinguishing of the arc and in respect of reduced risk of subsequent breakdown after the arc has been extinguished.

A more detailed object is to provide a mounting for the nozzle or vent wherein risk of breakdown between such nozzle or vent and the contacts is reduced to a minimum.

A further object is to ensure that the hot ionised gases discharged by the blast are adequately cooled and deionised before reaching the atmosphere.

Yet another object relates more particularly to lateral blast circuit-breakers. In such circuitbreakers the gas-blast tends to cause the arc to bow out into or through the nozzle, but diiiiculties would arise if the arc were allowed freely to bow out to a considerable length, especially when the circuit-breaker is enclosed in an earthed metal casing. Thus the arc energy would be large with consequent high back pressure, and since for a short time after the zero current period the dielectric strength of the arc is built up for a short distance near the arc roots, the arc would behave as an insulated conductor and would have considerable capacity to the contacts and to the earthed casing, with the result that restriking of the arc would be assisted owing to the uneven distribution of the voltage between the arc and the contacts. It is consequently desirable to limit the length of the arc and therefore also the are energy developed and the capacity to earth at the zero current period. It has already been proposed to provide an insulating grid or the like arranged transversely to the arc length for this purpose, and a further object of the invention is to effect the desired limitation of the arc length in a more simple and satisfactory way.

Still further objects of the invention will be apparent from the appended claims, and from the following description of the accompanying drawings in which Figure 1 is a vertical sectional view of part of a lateral blast circuit-breaker according to the invention,

Figure la is a continuation of Figure 1 showing the lower part of the cooling and deionising unit,

Fig. lA'is a continuation view showing the right hand end of Fig. 1.

Figure 2 is a plan view of the cooling and deionising unit,

Figure 3 is a horizontal section on the line 3-3 of Figure 1,

Figure 4 is a fragmentary vertical section on a larger scale on the line 4-4 of Figure 2,

5 and 6 are vertical sections at right angles showing an alternative construction of lateral blast circuit-breakers,

Figures 7 and 8 are vertical sections respectively of two further constructions, and

Figure 9 illustrates an application of the invention to an axial blast circuit-breaker.

In the arrangement of Figures 1 to 42, the circuit-breaker arcing contacts are housed within a hollow insulator A closely surrounded by an earthed metal casing A One end of such insulator is closed by the fixed contact B, whilst the cooperating moving contact member C enters the insulator through the other end thereof. A thin metal lining A may be provided in the neighbfjlll. hood or the contacts to protect the insulator A from the heat of the arc. Adjacent to the con'- tacts the casing A and the insulator A are provided with a lateral branch D, D through which the gas-blast employed for extinguishing the arc is discharged. Although the gas-blast may be generated or supplemented in the manner known in itself by the action of the arc on suitable gasproducing solid material disposed within the insulator A adjacent to the contacts, it is preferably produced by the introduction into the insulator of gas under pressure from an external source, such as a storage reservoir C The moving contact member C may be actuated by suitable actuating mechanism disposed for example in the end casing C or alternatively the gas pressure derived from the reservoir C may itself be utilised for this purpose, the moving contact member being provided with a piston C on which the gas pressure may act.

The arrangement is preferably such that the moving contact moves away from the fixed contact only through a predetermined short distance, since (as is known in itself) more efficient rupturing of the arc by the gas-blast is obtained with only a relatively short gap between the main contacts, the gap being such that its breakdown voltage is greater than the normal working voltage of the system but les than the surge voltage which would be produced by extinction of the are at a point in the A. C. cycle away from the normal current zero. This optimum gap is however insufficient to ensure that the arc will not re strike later under a sustained voltage difference between the contacts, and it is therefore desirable to provide an additional isolating gap elsewhere in the circuit, such isolating gap being automatically opened at an interval after the opening of the arcing contacts suflicient to allow adequate time for the extinction of the are by the gas-blast.

The fixed contact B is provided with an arcing tip B on one side adjacent to the discharge vent. Instead of providing a similar arcing tip on the moving contact, it will usually be preferable to provide a second fixed arcing tip C at the appropriate arcing distance from the fixed arcing tip B the moving contact C being in the form of a bridging contact between the two arcing tips and remaining in engagement with the second arcing tip C after separation from the fixed contact B. In this case the arc will be initially drawn out between the moving contact C and the fixed arcing tip B and after a predetermined movement will be transferred to the two arcing tips B C The discharge through the lateral branch D, D is effected through a restricted aperture preferably in the form of a nozzle, and in order to reduce risk of restriking of the are between the nozzle and the contacts. according to one feature of the invention the nozzle is supported by an insulator so shaped and mounted as to provide a surface leakage path, which is long in comparison with the direct breakdown path across the ga between the nozzle and the contacts and is shielded from the radiant heat of the arc. Thus the insulator supporting the nozzle is spaced apart from the insulatin wall D of the lateral branch to provide the long leakage path shielded from direct heat radiation from the arc.

This separate insulator conveniently forms part of a cooling and deionising unit, which is provided in accordance with a further feature of the invention with means whereby the gases are caused o traverse a circuitous path from the restricted aperture or nozzle through the insulator to the remote end thereof and thence to a discharge outlet through the wall of the casing, the gases being brought into contact with earthed metal before passing to the discharge outlet.

Thus the cooling and deionising unit consists of a cylind ical metal casing E closed at its outer end E and attached at its inner end to a ring F having square flange E which is bolted to a souar'e metal flange D on the end of the lateral branch 13 of t e main circuit-breaker casing A This flange ring F is connected to earth, and whilst the cylindrical metal casing E of the unit may a so be earthed, i is preferable to insulate it from earth. For this purpose an insulating washer F is provided between the unit casing E and the flange F and the bolts F by which such casing is attached to the flange are shrouded in insulation F At its inner end the unit casing E is provided with one or more discharge outlets E and the short cylindrical portion of the flanged ring F extends so close to the discharge outlet or outlets that substantially the whole of the gases escaping through the outlets will come into contact with the earthed metal before doing so. The metal casing E of the unit is lined with insulating material E except at the inner end where the discharge outlet or outlets E are situ- The short cylindrical portion of the flanged ring F also serves as a support for the hollow insulator G within the unit casing, this insulator having a cylindrical portion extending for part of the length of the casing and a conical portion projecting from the inner end of the casing into the lateral branch D, D of the circuit-- breaker casing. The nozzle G through which the arc gases are dis-charged from the circuitbreaker. is mounted in the narrow open end of the insulator G.

To the open end of the insulator G remote from the nozzle G are attached a cylindrical metal wall H and an inner perforated conical wall J, and further perforated conical wall K is attached. to the remote end of such cylindrical metal wall H. The space between the two perforated conical walls is filled with metal packing (not shown) which may be in the form of a large number: of short lengths of metal tubing, the metal used preferably being copper or some other metal having high heat and electrical conductivity. The arc gases after flowing through the hollow insulator G are thus caused to flow through this metal packing and are thereby cooled and deionised, in their passage to the annular space around the hollow insulator G and the metal extension H thereof before passing to the discharge outlet or outlets E It is preferable to provide still further cooling means for the gases, and in one form this comprises two or more spaced concentric metal tubes L surrounding the cylindrical metal extension H of the hollow insulator G, the gases thus being caused to flow over an extensive area of metal wall. Alternatively, as shown in Figure 7, the additional cooling may be imparted to the gases by means of sheet metal M wound spirally within the cylindrical portion of the hollow insulator G, the turns of the spiral being suitably spaced apart. S ch cooling spiral M occupies the whole interior of the insulator, the outer end being held in engagement with the interior surface of the insulator, whilst the inner end is anchored to a. rod N which passes up centrally from the insulating lining E at the outer end of the unit casing and serves also as a central support for the perforated conical wall J.

The conical upper end of the insulator G is Y spaced apart from the insulating wall D of the the contac s by the provision of the separate insulator G giving the long leakage path. A large part of such path moreover lies in the annula soace G between the insulator G and the insulating wall D, such space being well shielded by the insulator G from the heating effects of the arc and from any tendency to accumulate ionised gases, so that the air in such space is adequately protected against any deterioration in its dielectric properties. Consequently there is negligible risk of the arc restriking as the result of a breakdown over a surface leakage path between the nozzle and the contacts, whilst the scavenging effect of the gas-blast itself minimises risk of a breakdown across the air gaps between the contacts and the nozzle.

In order to limit the length of the arc and therefore also the arc energy developed and the capacity to earth at the zero current period, an auxiliary electrode is disposed, according to another feature of the invention, in such a position that it lies in the path of the arc loop, when bowed out into or through the restricted aperture or nozzle by the gas-blast, with its length extending along the end of the arc loop. This is provided in the arrangement of Figure 1 by a metal bridge piece 0, which may conveniently be carried by the central rod N of the cooling and deionising unit. This electrode 0 is in the form of a rod or bar preferably of generally streamlined section so as to offer little H obstruction to the flow of the gas-blast past its sides, and extends across the insulator G in a direction parallel to the direct path between the arcing tips 13 C With this arrangement the arc is blown by the gas-blast through the nozzle throat G against the auxiliary electrode 0, whereupon it splits into two parts respectively extending from the two arcing tips B and C to the rod or bar. In this position the two parts of the are are subjected to the full effect of the gas-blast flow ing past them in the direction of their length, and any tendency of the blast to extend the are past the rod or bar is prevented by the shortcircuiting by the rod or bar of the arc loop which would thus be formed. It will be appreciated that in the absence of the auxiliary electrode 0 the arc would be blown out to a considerable length which would greatly increase the arc energy and would otherwise render satisfactory arc extinction difficult.

In the construction of Figures 1 to 4, the restricted aperture through which the gases are blown from the circuit-breake contacts is in the form of an insulating nozzle. This is not essential to the invention, and Figures 5 and 6 show an alternative construction in which a simple hole P in a metal disc P is employed. This construction also omits the separate insulator G and the disc P is mounted directly across the insulating wall D of the lateral branch D, D which in this instance is provided internally with a short metal lining P connected to the disc P and also to the auxiliary electrode which is shown by way of example as a simple rod 0 of circular cross-section. The aperture P in the metal disc P must be of sufficient size to prevent the are from striking on to the edges of the aperture instead of passing through to the auxiliary electrode, whilst yet being small enough to give the desired throttling effect to the gas-blast. This modification has the advantage of reducing the burning effect on the nozzle.

In a further alternative (shown in Figure 7) the apertured disc and the auxiliary electrode are combined into a single nozzle unit Q. which is mainly of insulating material with a nozzleshaped central aperture, whilst the auxiliary electrode is in the form of a rod or bar Q tend ng across a metal ring Q which fits on to such insulating part on the side further from the contacts and is shaped to conform to the nozzle shape of the aperture therein. This figure also serves to show a modified form of cooling and deionising unit as already described.

Fi ure 8 also serves to show a modified form of cooling and deionising unit. In this modification the hollow insulator G of the unit extends right to the end of the metal casing E of the unit, such end being left open to constitute the discharge outlet for the gases. The earthed metal, with which the gases come into contact before escaping through the discharge outlet, in. this construction is in the form of a metal grid S extending across the insulator G in a position towards the discharge end thereof. This id may be directly earthed, but is preferably nected to earth through a non-inductive resistance S which may conveniently be housed in the annular space between the end of the hollow insulator G- and an insulating lining E to the metal casing E. The provision of this resistance S ensures that any fault to earth, which happen to occur owing to the ionised condition of the arc gases, would be limited in mag nitude to a value which would not interfere with the operation of protective gear on the circuit and with which the circuit breaker could read ily deal. I As in the first construction a cooling device, comprising a space between two perforated conwithin the insulator G. A second cooling device may also be provided in the path of the a c gases, b. device being in the form of a metal of ex ensive surface area within the insulator, or (as shown) of a second space filled with metal. packing for example between a pair of perforated plates T. T extending across the open end of the insulator G.

It will be appreciated that, although the discharge been described in the foregoing arrangements directed downwardly, the gases may be discharged in any desired direction. The circuit-breaker arcing contacts and their enclosing walls may also be arranged in ways other than those described.

Although described primarily with respect to a circuit-breaker of the lateral-blast type, the in vcnton is also applicable to a circuit-breaker of the axial-blast type, wherein the circuit-breaker contacts in their open position lie one on either of the nozzle or vent so that the are exthrough the nozzle vent and the gasblast flows therethrough around the arc and in the direction of the length thereof.

In one such. arrangement shown in Figure 9,. the circuit-breaker fixed contact Y is mounted on a spider Y within a generally cylindrical metal wall which may be of metal or of insulating material. Such cylindrical wall Y also carries, adjacent to the fixed contact Y a hollow insulator Z which extends for a considerable distance away from the fixed contact with its exterior surface Z spaced apart from the cylindrical wall Y exc pt at the point of support. This insulator Z carries, at the end remote from the fixed contact an apertured member Z constituting the nozzle or vent. The aperture in such member is divergent towards the fixed contact Y and the interior surface of the insulator Z is shaped to conform to the divergent nozzle shape of the aperture. The apertured member Z may be made of metal or of insulating material. The moving contact of the circuit-breakor is in the form of a rod Y normally extending through a nozzle Z into engagement with the fixed contact Y but withdrawable longitudinally to open the circuit-breaker. Gas under pressure is introduced into the space around the moving contact rod Y when it is desired to open the circuit-breaker. and such gas pressure may itself be used to effect movement of the rod. or alternatively the rod may be mechanically operated, the gas then serving solely to provide the gas-blast.

The outer surface Z of the insulator Z may be smooth or, as shown, may be provided with circumferential grooves or may be otherwise shaped to afford a long surface leakage path within a relative short length. It will be appreciated that similar grooves or their equivalent may be provided on the outer surface of the insulator C- in the arrangements of Figures 1 to 8.

In the arrangement of Figure 9, when the circuit-breaker is opened, the arc extends through the nozzle Z from the moving contact Y to the fixed contact Y and a powerful gas blast flows through the nozzle along the sides of the arc towards the fixed contact to effect deionisaticn of the arc path. As in the lateral-blast arrangement above described, there is a long surface leakage path in the space between the exterior surface Z of the insulator Z supporting the nozzle and the surrounding cylindrical wall Y, and such path is adequately shielded from the effects of heat radiation from the arc, so that there is negligible risk of breakdown over such surface path, whilst risk of breakdown directly across the space from the apertured memher 2 to the surrounding wall Y is likewise negligible since such space is filled with compressed clean gas. The gas blast adequately scavenges and cools the interior surface of the insulator Z and thereby minimises risk of a breakdown along such surface.

It will be appreciated that the foregoing arrangements may be modified in various ways within the scope of the invention and that the invention may be applied to gas-blast circuitbreakers arranged in other ways than those abo e described.

What I claim as my invention and desire to secure by L tters Patent is:

1. An A. C. electric circuit-breaker comprising in combina ion with the circuit-breaker arcing contacts, for a source of gas under pressure, means for directing a blast of de-ionising gas derived from such source against the are formed on opening of the circuit-breaker to assist in exwhich the gas-blast is discharged, an insulator for supporting the anertured member, a wall surrounding such insulator, and means whereby the said insulator is so spaced apart from the surrounding wall as to form a pocket interrupting what would otherwise be a short surface leakage pa h forming part of a possible breakdown path between the contacts, such pocket providing additional surface leakage path which is long in comparison with the direct breakdown between. the contacts, is shielded from the radiant heat of the arc and is supplied with clean gas from the source.

2. An A. C. electric circuit-breaker as claimed in claim 1, in which the apertured member is made at least partially of insulating material and the aperture therein is divergent in the direction of flow of the gas blast.

3. An A. C. electric circuit-breaker as claimed in claim 1, in which the surrounding wall is of insulating material mounted within a metal casing.

4. An A. C. electric circuit-breaker as claimed in claim 1, in which the apertured member is located on one side of the direct path between the circuit-breaker arcing contacts so that the gas blast is discharged laterally with respect to such path.

5. An A. C. electric circuit-breaker, comprising in combination with the circuit-breaker arcing contacts, means for directing a blast of deio-nising gas against the are formed when the contacts separate to assist in extinguishing the arc, an insulating wall surrounding the circuitbreaker contacts and having an open-ended lateral branch adjacent to such contacts, a discharge nozzle for the gas-blast separate from the contacts and located in such lateral branch on one side of the direct path between the contacts, and an insulator for supporting the nozzle projecting through the open end of the lateral branch and carried thereby in the neighbourhood of such open end so that the annular space between such insulator and the lateral branch affords a surface leakage path between the nozale and the contacts, which is long in comparison with the direct breakdown path across the gap between the nozzle and the contacts and is shielded from direct heat radiation from the are.

6. An A. C. electric circuit-breaker as claimed in claim 5, in which the nozzle is constituted by a member made at least partially of insulating material and having a restricted aperture divergent in the direction of gas flow.

7. An A. C. electric circuit-breaker, comprising in combination with the circuit-breaker arcing contacts, means for directing a blast of deionizing gas against the are formed when the contacts separate to assist in extinguishing the arc, a member located on one side of the direct path between the arcing contacts and having a restricted aperture through which the gas blast is discharged laterally with respect to such path, and an auxiliary electrode disposed in such a position as to lie in the path of the arc loop when bowed out through the restricted aperture by the gas-blast with its length extending along the end of the arc loop.

8. An A. C. electric circuit-breaker as claimed in claim '7, in which the auxiliary electrode is in the form of a bar of such cross-section as to offer little obstruction to the flow of the gas past its sides.

9. An A. C. electric circuit-breaker as claimed in claim '7, in which the apertured member is made of metal and is electrically connected to the auxiliary electrode.

10. An A. C. electric circuit-breaker as claimed in claim 7, in which the apertured member is made of insulating material and the auxiliary electrode is insulated from the circuit-breaker arcing contacts.

11. An A. C. electric circuit-breaker as claimed in claim 7. in which the apertured member is made of insulating material and its aperture is divergent in the direction of gas flow and terminates in a metal ring carrying the auxiliary electrode.

12. The combination with the features set forth in claim '7, of an insulator supporting the apertured member and the auxiliary electrode, and means for so mounting such insulator as to provide a surface leakage path which is long in comparison with the direct breakdown path across the gap between the apertured member and the contacts and is shielded from the radiant heat of the arc.

13. The combination with the features set forth in claim 5, of an auxiliary electrode in the form of a bar extending across the insulator with its length substantially parallel to the direct path between the circuit-breaker arcing contacts, the electrode being located in such a position as to lie in the path of the arc loop when bowed out through the nozzle of the gas blast.

14. The ccmbination with the features set forth in claim 5, of a metal ring carried by the nozzle on the side remote from the circuit-breaker arcing contacts and so shaped as to conform to the shape of the divergent aperture therein, the remainder of the nozzle being made of insulating material, and a metal bar extending across the metal ring with its length substantially parallel to the direct path between the circuit-breaker arcing contacts, such bar constituting an auxiliary electrode lying in the path of the are when bowed out into the nozzle by the gas blast.

15. The combination with the features set forth in claim 1, of a casing surrounding the insulator and having a discharge outlet for the gases through its wall, means whereby the gases are caused to traverse a circuitous path from the restricted aperture through the insulator to the discharge outlet, and earthed metal with which the gases are brought into contact before escaping through the discharge outlet.

16. The combination with the features set forth in claim 1, of a metal casing surrounding the insulator and having a discharge outlet for the gases through its wall, an insulating lining for such metal casing, the arrangement being such that the gases flow from the restricted aperture through the insulator to its remote end and thence back between the insulator and the insulating lining to the discharge outlet, metal cooling means disposed in the path of the gases between the restricted aperture and the discharge outlet, and earthed metal with which the gases are brought into contact before escaping through 1 the discharge outlet.

17. The combination with the features set forth in claim 5, of a casing secured to the open end of the lateral branch around the projecting end of the insulator and having a discharge outlet for the gases through its wall in the neighbourhood of the end of the lateral branch whereby the gases must fiow from the restricted aperture to the remote end of the insulator and thence back between the insulator and the cas- I ing to the discharge outlet, and earthed metal with which the gases are brought into contact before escaping through the discharge outlet.

iii)

18. For use with an A. C. electric circuitbreaker of the gas-blast type, a cooling and deionising unit for the discharged arc gases, comprising a casing adapted to be secured to the circuit-breaker casing and having a discharge outlet for the gases through its wall, a hollow insulator within the casing having at one end a res l'icted aperture through which th gases are discharged from the circuit-breaker into the insulator, means whereby the gases are caused to traverse a circuitous path from the restricted aperture through the insulator to the discharge outlet, and earthed metal with which the gases are brought into contact before escaping through i the discharge outlet.

19. A cooling and deionising unit as claimed in claim 18, in Which the casing of the unit is or metal lined with insulating material, the gases after flowing through the hollow insulator to the remote end thereof being caused to flow back between such insulator and the insulating lining in their passage to the discharge outlet.

20. A cooling and deionising unit as claimed in claim 18, in which a space filled with metal packing is provided in the gas path between the restricted aperture and the discharge outlet.

21. A cooling and deionising unit as claimed in claim 18, in which a metal grid in the form of spirally wound sheet metal with the individual turns of the spiral suitably spaced apart is provided in the hollow insulator in the gas path.

22. A cooling and deionising unit as claimed in claim 18, in which metal cooling means are disposed in the gas path between the earthed metal and the discharge outlet.

23. A cooling and deionising unit as claimed in claim 18, in which a resistance is inserted in the earth connection from the earthed metal with which the gases come in contact before escaping through the discharge outlet.

24. A cooling and deionising unit as claimed in claim 18, in which means are provided within the hollow insulator near the restricted aperture for preventing the are from being bowed out by the gas blast within the insulator to an excessive length.

25. The combination with the features set forth in claim 7, of a hollow insulator supporting the apertured member and the auxiliary electrode, a casing surrounding the insulator and having a discharge outlet for the gases through its wall, means whereby the gases are caused to traverse a circuitous path from the restricted aperture through the insulator to the discharge outlet, and earthed metal with which the gases ar brought into contact before escaping through the discharge outlet.

DONALD FOSTER AMER. 

